Pleural Effusion

Pleural effusion can be distinguished from pericardial by identifying the descending aorta.

References:

1. Venkatesh G, Tomlinson CW, O'Sullivan T, McKelvie RS. Right ventricular diastolic collapse without hemodynamic compromise in a patient with large, bilateral pleural effusions. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1995 Jul-Aug;8(4):551-3.

2. Kaplan LM, Epstein SK, Schwartz SL, Cao QL, Pandian NG. Clinical, echocardiographic, and hemodynamic evidence of cardiac tamponade caused by large pleural effusions. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995 Mar;151(3 Pt 1):904-8.

3. Wrisley D. Marked diastolic collapse of the right atrium without hemodynamic compromise caused by a large pleural effusion. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1994 Jan-Feb;7(1):87-8.

4. Smiseth OA, Thompson CR, Ling H, Robinson M, Miyagishima RT. Juxtacardiac pleural pressure during positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation: an intraoperative study in patients with open pericardium. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994 Mar 1;23(3):753-8.

5. Imai Y, Taniguchi M, Tagawa K, Toda N, Tanzawa Y, Okamoto M, Ikari Y, Fujino H, Unuma T. A case of chronic pancreatitis complicated by massive pericardial and right pleural effusion. Gastroenterol Jpn 1993 Oct;28(5):734-8.

6. Vaska K, Wann LS, Sagar K, Klopfenstein HS. Pleural effusion as a cause of right ventricular diastolic collapse. Circulation 1992 Aug;86(2):609-17.

7. Kisanuki A, Shono H, Kiyonaga K, Kawataki M, Otsuji Y, Minagoe S, Nakao S, Nomoto K, Tanaka H. Two-dimensional echocardiographic demonstration of left ventricular diastolic collapse due to compression by pleural effusion. Am Heart J 1991 Oct;122(4 Pt 1):1173-5.

8. Sanna A, Porcu M, Basciu M, Floris E, Martelli V. Left atrial myxoma simulating a systemic disease with pleural-pericardial effusion. Detection by two-dimensional echocardiography. Ann Ital Med Int 1989 Jan-Mar;4(1):44-7.

8. Robotham JL, Stuart RS, Borkon AM, Doherty K, Baumgartner W. Effects of changes in left ventricular loading and pleural pressure on mitral flow. J Appl Physiol 1988 Oct;65(4):1662-75.

9. Haaz WS, Mintz GS, Kotler MN, Parry W, Segal BL. Two dimensional echocardiographic recognition of the descending thoracic aorta: value in differentiating pericardial from pleural effusions. Am J Cardiol 1980 Nov;46(5):739-43.

10. D'Cruz IA. Echocardiographic simulation of pericardial fluid accumulation by right pleural effusion. Chest 1984 Sep;86(3):451-3.

11. Lewandowski BJ, Jaffer NM, Winsberg F. Relationship between the pericardial and pleural spaces in cross-sectional imaging. J Clin Ultrasound 1981 Jul-Aug;9(6):271-4.

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